This paper contests the view that, before the U.S. tariff increases of 2018 and 2019, governments around the world successfully resisted protectionist pressures since the onset of the global financial crisis. Before President Trump was inaugurated, the cumulative build-up of over 11,000 policy...

This paper presents new high frequency data on trade policy changes targeting medical and food products since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, documenting how countries used trade policy instruments in response to the health crisis on a week-by-week basis. The dataset reveals a rapid...

In the first two months of 2021, the production of COVID-19 vaccines has suffered setbacks delaying the implementation of national inoculation strategies. These delays have revealed the concentration of vaccine manufacture in a small club of producer nations, which in turn has implications for...