The taxation reform in the oil and oil-refining industries in 2014 – the ‘tax maneuver' – was designed to boost the performance of domestic oil refineries. In late 2015, the planned reduction of export duty was suspended in order to keep unchanged the volume of tax-generated revenues...

An analysis of the freight costs of Russian foreign trade cargos shows that the quality characteristics of Russia’s seaports have a strong bearing on the sea freight routing – seaports with low-quality infrastructure are apt to lose the competion. Not only Russia’s economic policy in the...