In general most nature-based recreational goods and benefits are considered positive externalities of production, as they are usually not subject to trade. So far, a low degree of rivalry among most user groups and legally defined rights has secured these benefits as almost a public good. Yet,...

Expanding markets of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and increasing interest in traditional medicines and health foods have resulted in a growing trade of these NTFPs at local, national and international levels. The trade provides income-generating opportunities for rural people in developing...

Forest products trade flow data consists of two observations for each trade flow. The first observation is made by an exporting country A(concerning exports to importing country B) and the second observation is made by the importing country B(concerning imports from the previously mentioned,...

To combat the introduction of exotic pests and pathogens via the trade of plants and wood products, phytosanitary measures have been applied at national and international levels. Over the last decade, the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) has established a total of twenty-four...

Similarly to financial risk in markets, physical risk (threat or hazard) has sometimes been treated by adding a premium to the discount rate used for the NPV calculations applied to forestry options. As it happens, a discount rate premium reflecting the rate of threat gives the correct rotation...

The sustainability issue has gained importance during the last two and a half decades, starting with the UN Report “Our Common Future”. As the transformation to a sustainable economy is far from being an automatism, instruments to foster sustainable development are required. This demand has...

Dynamic game theory is applied to analyze the timber market in northern Iran as a duopsony. The Nash equilibrium and the dynamic properties of the system based on marginal adjustments are determined. When timber is sold, the different mills use mixed strategies to give sealed bids. It is found...

While internationally, large-scale forestry projects have gained in importance for climate change mitigation, the implementation of such projects, particularly in regions with smallholder forestry like Southeast and East Asia, faces various obstacles. The organization of smallholders is one...

In Scandinavia a widely adopted biodiversity maintenance measure in managed forests is to leave retention trees to the clearcutting areas. A certain number of retention trees are left to the cutting area permanently as residual trees, which distinguishes them from shelterwood and seed trees. The...