In post-socialist countries there is a mismatch between highly developed S&T human resources and lagging industrial restructuring. The lack of incentives and assistance, which discourage many more people from applying their research skills to industry, is the greatest blockage to these countries...

The concept of ‘path dependency’ is transferred from the analysis of competing technologies to alternative S&T policies. This analysis was developed in the context of Rio de Janeiro, which is the confluence of two historical and economic trajectories. These differences and their effects on...

At a workshop in Amsterdam in January 1996, the Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations was discussed with a focus on the future of university research in the emerging regime of knowledge production and dissemination. The helices are hypothesized as selection mechanisms; the...

The Cold War provided a common framework for science policies in the East and West, albeit they were at odds. Post-Cold War there is a move in both the USA and the countries of Eastern Europe away from military spending and towards civilian R&D. In the USA some start-ups were founded by military...

The Second Conference on the Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations focused on “the future location of research.” In this report, the Triple Helix thesis is developed into a recursive model of how an overlay of communications operates on the underlying institutions. Market...

The East European transitions have unique historical features but they are also part of a universal trend toward democratization that both impelled their origins and influences their future direction. Other parts of the world are also undergoing one or more of these transitions in different...

Policy analysis must be broadened beyond the realm of government actions to incorporate the negotiations that take place among university, industry, and government. In this special issue the emergence of trilateral initiatives and their bilateral precursors is identified. The individual...

A Triple Helix of overlapping, yet relatively independent institutional spheres is required to capture contemporary innovation processes. The model is a methodological tool: the focus on the recursive overlay of communications among universities, industries and governments allows for the...

Because of ideological resistance, the USA often pursues industrial policy by indirect means. There are continuing conflicts over the appropriate role of government, industry and academia in innovation: an indirect and decentralized industrial policy may be more effective than traditional direct...

The entrepreneurial university is the next stage in the development of a medieval institution. Integrating a commitment to economic growth and social development with research and teaching, the entrepreneurial university supersedes the late 19th century Humboldtian synthesis that aligned...