This paper sets out a method for measuring and comparing the specialization gains from trade in intermediate goods and final goods. The factor input requirements of domestic production to replace imported intermediates is compared with the factor requirements of the 'compensating' exports...

Gravity models have been extensively used to evaluate the trade effects of regional trading arrangements, (RTAs), especially over the last 10 years or so. Questions addressed by researchers include, is there a regional bias to trade and are there identifiable trade affects attributable to RTAs?...

A number of hypotheses about the impact of country size on the medium-term growth process in developing countries are tested with the aid of a model of disequilibrium growth, estimated for a sample of forty-eight countries over the period 1975-85. Evidence about the stability of the model's...

Using estimates of protection in the EU market against US exports, this paper illustrates the relative importance of natural and policy sources of protection and the measurement errors induced in the measurement of effective protection by omitting transactions costs. It also considers protection...