data on 170 regions in Europe (NUTS 2 level) for the periods 1991-1995 and 2001-2005. Innovation outcomes are measured by … diffusion of innovation activity, and the spatial selectivity of immigrants' location choices, we take account of spatial …'s restaurants as a novel instrument for immigration. The results confirm that innovation is clearly a function of regio nal …

In recent decades there have been an enormous number of studies about innovation systems, partly inspired by a great … development strategies. Despite different perspectives, most studies highlight knowledge creation and innovation as the major … drivers of change and growth. This consensus disappears, however, as soon as the complexity of innovation and knowledge are …

Portuguese strategic choices regarding innovation and R&D policy have, over the past two decades, produced various … firms' contribution to national and regional growth, their obstacles and impacts. For the purpose of this paper, innovation … the present performance of Portuguese firms located throughout the country and to explore those innovation determinants …

Knowledge triggers regional growth. Evidence suggests that skilled labour force concentrates in islands of innovation … increasing returns to knowledge, favouring the emergence of islands of innovation; regions with a high endowment of cognitive …