While some retirement is welcomed and on-time, other retirements are involuntary or forced due to the loss of a job, an … early retirement incentive, a health problem, mandatory retirement, lack of control with too many job strains, or to provide … involuntary retirement. Further, consideration is given to the economic consequences of retiring involuntarily. This research will …

maintaining their incomes after retirement. Our main conclusions are as follows. First, in the two years immediately after … retirement the aftertax income replacement ratios average about two-thirds when calculated across all ages of retirement. Second …, the ratios tend to increase with the age of retirement. Third, the ratios increase with years in retirement, at least in …

: financial, personal and familial. Catalytic financial influences included employer programs and enrolment in retirement courses …

for the “average worker” after retirement. While we know a lot about the first issue, the second has received less …-income retirees to maintain their pre-retirement living standards. However, we also show that there is considerable variation in … replacement rates. By age 75, about a quarter of middle-income persons had retirement incomes of less than 60 percent of the …