Estimation of carbon emissions is very important not just for companies but also for governments and policymakers. In this paper I provide an emission estimation model for an energy-producing company based on spot market prices. The company will produce energy and emit carbon-dioxide at a given...

In my article I describe the concept of financial rate of return and the value of return in a very simple model first. Then as generalisation of the model we take an experiment, which has n possible outcomes. We have the same m kind betting possibilities for each outcome. The financial rate of...