Encouraging signs are present in manufacturing and services, with a marked pickup in temp employment and initial signs that direct hiring is on the upswing.

Limited access to migrant networks and strong geographic preferences may underlie border migrants' willingness to settle for lower wages on the border rather than seek higher wages by venturing into the U.S. interior.

Immigration consultant Lisa Roney, former director of Research and Evaluation in the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services' Office of Policy and Strategy, discusses the government's E-Verify program.