The underemployed and the discouraged—those who have given up trying to find work— are additional indicators of labor dislocation.

Because of the significance of self-employment, understanding its relationship to the business cycle is especially useful during periods of financial stress.

Toll roads have become a key part of officials’ strategy to keep pace with growing local economies and populations. Many economists regard tolls as an efficient revenue source for road construction because such levies tax users of resources rather than society as a whole.