The Late Middle Ages (c.1300–c.1500) saw the development of many of the key economic institutions of the modern unitary nation-state in Europe. After the ‘commercial revolution’ of the thirteenth century, taxes on trade became increasingly significant contributors to government finances,...

This research examines the economic origins of Islam and uncovers two empirical regularities. First, Muslim countries, virtual countries and ethnic groups, exhibit highly unequal regional agricultural endowments. Second, Muslim adherence is systematically larger along the pre-Islamic trade...

1 Framework of the SREB Initiative -- 2 Connectivity Construction -- 3 Trade and Investment Facilitation -- 4 Industrial Cooperation and Upgrading -- 5 Construction and Upgrading of Urbanization in Western China -- 6 Regionalization and Internationalization of Currency -- 7 Guarantee Mechanism...