Health care is a very important component of the American economy. The United States Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) put the 2008 direct health care expenditures at about $2.34 trillion, or about 16.2 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP), or an average of...

Murtin examines the long-term causes of health improvements over the last two centuries. Focusing on the relative importance of income and education, Murtin finds that education alone accounts for the bulk of health improvements since 1870, and explains the strong correlation between longevity...

Introduction -- Defining the Problem -- Guiding Principles of a Value-Based Health Care System -- The German Health Care System: Overview and Historical Development -- Health Insurance in Germany -- Health Care Providers -- Overall Assessment of German Health Care Providers -- The Role of Health...

How efficient is the Chinese healthcare system? Milcent examines the medication market in China against the global picture of healthcare organization, and how public healthcare insurance plans have been implemented in recent years, as well as reforms to tackle hospital inefficiency. Healthcare...

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Population Size and Composition of Sample Households -- Chapter 3: Socio-economic Variations, Consumption Poverty and Health Generated Inequalities in Sample Population -- Chapter 4: Self-reported Ailments and Hospitalization: Differentials in Utilization of...

As a contribution to the search for suitable and sustainable solutions to finance rising medical care expenditures, the book proposes a typology of healthcare financing and insurance schemes, based on the dimensions of basic vs. supplementary services and mandatory vs. voluntary coverage, to...

This book is open access under a CC BY license. In this book, Nika Gilauri reveals his formulas for government reform and economic recovery, including how to fight against corruption, reform fiscal policy and tax systems, privatize state-owned enterprises, build a welfare system for those most...

Framing the Risk Challenge -- Understanding the Hidden Risk of Dynamic Complexity -- Understanding the Nature of Risk -- Human Interaction and Perception of Risk -- Risk Evolves as Experience Evolves -- Why the Risk Comes as a Surprise -- Systemic and Systematic Risk -- How Risk is Currently...