Growth in deposits and broad money aggregates surged in Norway after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Usually, we think of deposit (or money) growth as going hand in hand with bank lending growth, since only banks can create money. But lending did not grow much more than usual in this...

A review of theoretical links between the wholesale (or market) funding share of banks (WFS) and financial vulnerability is provided. The vulnerability may both be within the financial system, and in the non-financial sector. The historical development of the WFS in Norway is described. In light...

The world witnessed a meltdown in financial markets in March 2020 as the Covid-19 pandemic hit the global economy. In this memo we document how the turbulence affected Norwegian financial markets. We describe possible mechanisms behind the stress in the Norwegian foreign exchange and bond...

The purpose of the "counter-cyclical capital buffer" (buffer) is to dampen procyclicality in the financial system, absorb capital losses and prevent a credit crunch during recessions. In this paper, a stylized analytical expression for optimal buffer policy is presented. Results are derived...

Norges Bank is one of few central banks publishing an interest rate fore- cast. This paper discusses how we derive and communicate the interest rate forecast. To produce the forecasts, the Bank uses a medium-sized small open economy DSGE model - NEMO. Judgments and information from other sources...

An overview of exchange rate regimes in Norway since 1816 is provided in a table which is divided into five sections; corresponding to the parts of the Norwegian monetary history defined and discussed in Eitrheim, Klovland and Øksendal (2016). Measured by the frequency of formal regime changes,...