Availability of large, multilevel longitudinal databases in various fields including labor economics (with workers and firms observed over time) and ed- ucation research (with students and teachers observed over time) has increased the application of panel-data models with multiple levels of...

Availability of large multilevel longitudinal databases in various fields of research, including labor economics (with workers and firms observed over time) and education (with students, teachers, and schools observed over time), has increased the application of models with one level or multiple...