Money and payments are central to modern economies and societies, yet there are increasing concerns over the environmental impacts of various payment services, particularly from a climate perspective. This report examines the climate impact of retail payments in Sweden in 2021, including cash,...

The expansion of digital payment services like retail Central Bank Digital Currencies (rCBDCs) built on innovative ICT infrastructure, notably datacenters, raises questions regarding potential environmental consequences due to electricity consumption. The design of such systems is critical for...

Gesell taxes on money holdings have received attention in recent decades as a way of alleviating the zero lower bound on interest rates. Less known is that such a tax was the predominant method used to generate seigniorage in large parts of medieval Europe for around two centuries. When the...