, not defined in a market, but by the collateral frameworks and interest rate policies of central banks. Using the …

-bills) and repurchase agreements (repos) with banks and the Federal Reserve, some of the world’s safest and most liquid assets …

This paper examines the quality of credit ratings assigned to banks in Europe and the United States by the three …, and define a new ordinal metric of rating error based on banks' expected default frequencies. Our results suggest that … rating agencies assign more positive ratings to large banks and to those institutions more likely to provide the rating …

staggered reform progress, we find that banks shift their trading towards less regulated jurisdictions. The result is driven by … agenda items – such as the promotion of central clearing – that are costly, but do not directly benefit banks. We further …

market. Our estimates reveal that the California Consumer Protection Act increases loan spreads charged by banks by 8 basis …. Banks also reduce their supply of credit more in lower-income areas, consistent with more informationally intense data … collection practices there potentially exposing them to larger legal costs. In sum, our findings suggest that banks pass the CCPA …

U.S. banks have increasingly diversified into activities traditionally considered as non-core for the banking sector …. This paper investigates whether diversification influences banks' investment (credit) policy and profitability. Diversified … banks appear to benefit from “coinsurance,” supply more credit, and seem more profitable. However, diversification does not …