A supply chain design problem based on a two-echelon single-product system is addressed. The product is distributed from plants to distribution centers and then to customers. There are several transportation channels available for each pair of facilities between echelons. These transportation...

The minimum linear arrangement problem consists of finding an embedding of the nodes of a graph on the line such that the sum of the resulting edge lengths is minimized. The problem is among the classical NP-hard optimization problems and there has been extensive research on exact and...

This paper addresses a variation of pickup and delivery problems, named the paired many-to-many pickup and delivery problem (PMPDP), which has never been formally classified in the literature. Given “paired” demands between customer nodes, the PMPDP is to find a set of feasible vehicle...