Others have drawn attention to the different ways the term 'universal service' is interpreted in different countries and at different times. This article offers a single unifying framework. All interpretations are seen as variations on the theme of 'fulfilling basic telecoms needs', with the...

Liberalisation usually requires price rebalancing. In low-income countries, this often leads to residential rentals being priced are much higher than before, which can threaten the affordability of basic telephone service. A quantitative model is provided for assessing the likely effects of...

Achieving universal telephone service is an aim commanding general support, but in need of open debate if the appropriate policies are to be adopted. This article argues that there is presently both an apparent need for action and an opportunity to act effectively. However, the first priority is...