Brazilian Welfare Policy, in its basic protection dimension, is implemented by public structures called as Referencial Centers of Social Assistence (Cras), which work at the local level (municipalities), but are organized, coordinated, legislated and co-financed by the federal government. This...

This research analyzes the principal conditions that allowed the development of national cash transfer programs in the social protection systems of Brazil, Argentina and South Africa. The main focuses are the political and institutional conditions for the emergence and development of these...

In a slow process marked by authoritarian moments, regressive effects, bureaucratic insulation, centralized arrangements and cronyism, since the 1930s Brazil has been building its Welfare State. In the wake of struggles and political clashes for ensuring rights and reviving democracy, the...

In this paper we analyze Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua) microdata from 2012 to 2018 to document how the mid-decade economic recession reversed the trend of pro-poor growth that dated back to the early 2000s. Since the recession, there was a rise in...

There is virtually a consensus that the ratio of suicides committed with guns to total suicides is the best way to indirectly measure gun ownership across different locations. However, such a proxy is not accurate for any locality with low population density in view that suicides are rare...

There is a consensus that the proportion of suicides committed with a firearm is the best proxy for gun ownership prevalence. Cerqueira et al. (2018) exploit the socioeconomic characteristics of suicide victims in order to develop a new and more refined proxy. It is based on the fixed effects of...

The opportunities in the labor market and formation of human capital (education) affect the implicit costs of engaging in illegal activities. In this article we empirically investigate the effect that the unemployment rate, which real income in the labor market and which school atandence rate...