In the tax literature, the tax effort index for any country is usually measured by the ratio of the actual tax ratio to the predicted ratio. This reflects mainly the variance in the taxable capacity of a country. A high value of tax effort index indicates that a particular country is collecting...

So far, there are very few papers concerning the problems of non causality and non-fundamentalness in fiscal studies. This is even truer for Brazil. Non causality and non fundamentalness are econometric problems that are specially relevant in fiscal studies, as they are relate to fiscal...

This study suggests an alternative approach, nested in exogeneity tests, to verify Ricardian Equivalence. The intuitive appeal and the sophisticated statistical method are the advantage of this new procedure. Furthermore, two others contributions are made: a) an explanation to the failure of...

The mapping of frequency rates of events is an important tool for guiding public policy. Nevertheless, this problem has not received adequate attention by most researchers. In many studies, the used ratios have serious problems when the geographic units have a small population at risk and when...

This paper examines whether fiscal illusion can help to explain the behavior of federal government expenditures in Brazil during period 1990-2011. The analyses is based on a median voter model that admits that the degree of tax visibility may affect the individual’s perception of his tax...

There is a lot of debate about the fiscal impact of the National Treasury loans to BNDES. Given that the interest rates of the loans are mostly indexed to TJLP, there is, in principle, a fiscal cost equal to the difference between TJLP and the market rates of Treasury debt. However, this...

The goal of the chapter is to discuss the ways of state action in Brazil since Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC) to Dilma Rousseff. The intention is not to scrutinize the performance of public accounts but scrutinize the stance of fiscal policy, the role reserved to the State and the instruments...

This study describes China's tax system and the applied tax policies against the covid-19 crisis, which were the Value Added Tax (VAT) deferral and Corporate Income Tax (CIT) deductions. China has a tax system following international standards, having a unified and decentralized tax agency. The...

The tax reform debate in Brazilian academic and political circles addresses numerous problems in our tax system, aiming to simplify it, increase its efficiency and its progressivity in order to guarantee the State's ability to provide essential public services. A relevant dimension, however, is...