In light of the market microstructure literature, we have compared the two main FX markets in Brazil: the spot market and the futures market (the next to mature contract). Our objective is to identify in which market FX rate is determined. We analyze FX markets at its micro level: its...

Starting with Lehman Brother’s demise in September 2008, the Brazilian real fell 42% vis-à-vis the US dollar. Such large exchange rate depreciation would typically cheer exporters up. However, it was later found that many export firms, including multibillion dollar ones, had suffered large...

Using the different response timings of credit demand and supply, we isolate supply shifts after monetary policy shocks. We show that the bank lending channel exists in Brazil: after an increase (decrease) in the basic interest rate (Selic), banks reduce (increase) the quantity of new loans and...