This paper examines the commodity price equilibrium problem in a spatially extended market. The earlier continuous equilibrium modeling approach is extended by explicitly taking into account congestion effects. An optimization model with a flow-dependent transportation cost function is proposed...

For studying carpooling problems, this paper presents two models, namely deterministic and stochastic, and gives the economic explanations to the model solutions. We investigate the jockeying behavior of work commuters between carpooling and driving alone modes through solving each model for...