The shortage of seafarers continues in the global shipping market. In particular, the retention of skilled officers has not been maintained. One of the reasons why the number of officers working on merchant ships is because of the working conditions onboard the ship. For instance, there are...

Container ports or terminal operators need operational efficiency and effective management to gain global market competitiveness, as world container ships continue to be larger, global shipping alliance reshuffles and becomes larger. This study investigated the effects of integrated operations...