From the late 1940s to the early 1970s Andrews, Downie, Penrose and Richardson contributed to reassessments of Marshall's explanation of industrial organization. Each author emphasizes a particular aspect of industrial organization — internal and external organization, innovation, and...

Value theory is central to economics. Whenever new economic theories appear on stage, their theory of value is different. I classify value theories along Locke's lines of primary and secondary qualities. When value is thought to inhere in objects, value is a primary quality. The marginalists...