The aspect of effectiveness of technology transfer to developing countries still raises important questions from researchers and practitioners alike. Many of these questions pertain to the nature of knowledge and of the learning process. The first question for this paper is what forms of...

In the last 20 years Canadian university produced some 1200 spin-off companies, out of which 5–6% are still independent and quoted in the stock exchanges. This study analysed these public companies in terms of industry, technologies, regions, universities and growth. The paper finds that the...