Recent confirmation of sheepskin effects in the returns to education for prime age white males has been taken as evidence of screening or signaling in the labor market. The authors report evidence of sheepskin effects among women and minority males, and demonstrate that they are somewhat smaller...

A variance components model explains wage dispersion with a specific version of generalized least squares. The estimation preserves individual data while examining the influence of union penetration on dispersion in both the union and nonunion sectors. Controlling for both individual and...