This paper investigates the income effects on the trade balance with particular attention to the distinction between permanent and transitory disturbances for the United States, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In all four countries, movements in the trade balance have mostly been...

This paper examines the role of the exchange rate in U.S. external adjustments. The results show that the exchange rate is an important transmission channel of influence on prices, and with longer lags, on income and the trade balance. The effects of the exchange rate and relative prices on the...