Technological advance and improvements in communication technologies have facilitated the offshoring of jobs worldwide, where a typical scene following the supply chain involves developing countries importing finished products from developed countries that contain developing country labor...

This paper considers and assesses the concept of social externalities through humaninterdependence, in relation to the economic analysis of externalities in the tradition of Pigou andArrow, including the analysis of the commons. It argues that there are limits to economic analysis. Our proposal...

"Hard discounters" are retail formats that set retail food prices even lower than existing discount formats, such as Walmart and Target. Offering limited assortments and focusing on store-brands, these formats promise to change the competitive landscape of food retailing. In this paper, we study...