A randomized control trial was conducted to study whether providing 10th grade students with information about the … on learning outcomes and self-reported measures of effort. The effects are larger for girls and students from households … with a relatively high income. These findings are consistent with a simple model where time discount determines the …

. In particular, an inverse-probability-weighted matching model is suggestive of an effect whereby some students … participate actively in the program and drop out of school less often, while other students choose not to participate when given …