-semester students, although instructors continued to record letter grades. We identify the causal effect of the policy on course choice … and performance, using a regressiondiscontinuity-in-time design. Students shifted to lower-grading STEM courses in the … first semester, but did not increase their engagement with STEM in later semesters. Letter grades of first-semester students …

college exposure to female instructors and students, consistent with a wider role for women‘s colleges in increasing female …