little evidence that differences in environmental policies across countries have led to significant "pollution havens". Trade …

is that the EKC is examined in the presence of pollution as a by product of consumption activities; also, pollution is a … environment, consumers do not consider directly pollution in the maximization problem and are assumed to choose between two … that substitution of dirty consumption with clean consumption alone is not sufficient to reduce environmental pollution …

economic growth deteriorates the environment through increasing amounts of pollution, the deteriorated environment in turn …