Hub-and-spoke networks of airlines create entry barriers at large hub airports. As a result, deregulation does not necessary lead to more competition. In this paper, airline competition at European airports in the 1990s is analysed. Results show important differences between airports, which are...

Data from the Science Citation Index on scientific collaborations within and between European countries are used to address the question of whether the European science system is integrating over time. It is argued that a simple comparison of the number of national collaborations and European...