economic growth, every country has sensibly invested in international cooperation, learning, innovation, technology diffusion … is necessary to increase expenditure on R&D for business enterprises and higher education, exports and technology. If the …

mean and volatility. The endogenous structural breakpoint unit root test, ARDL model, and alternative volatility models … price while the volatility of global fertilizer prices and crude oil price from March to December 2008 are higher than in …