taxation calibrated to fit the key empirical regularities of the regional economy and transport system of Randstad … is due to the large deviation of marginal external costs from the optimal toll levels, as the latter are found to be …

via trade and transport, via mutual environmental spill-overs due to the externality that arises from production, and via … complications arising from emissions caused by the endogenous transport flows. …

the first-best allocation. Rising incomes and falling transport costs enhance the surplus gain from ‘clustered … model for a mother city and a satellite. This satellite should be founded if the gain in surplus exceeds the fixed costs of …

tax does not reflect marginal external congestion costs, but rather functions as a Ramsey-Mirrlees tax, i.e. an efficiency … as labor tax cuts or public transport subsidies. Sensitivity analysis shows that the optimal type of revenue recycling … depends on the level of inefficiency in the provision of public transport prior to the introduction of congestion pricing. …