performance. Measured performance equals actual performance plus noise. We compare a stable environment where the noise is small … with a volatile environment where the noise is large. Subjects exert significantly more effort in the volatile environment …

causes all sorts of negative externalities, for example traffic noise disturbance. These externalities call for corrective … prices in order to quantify the social cost of aircraft noise disturbance in monetary terms. While focusing on aircraft noise … background noise. We do this by taking multiple sources of traffic noise (i.e. road, railway and aircraft noise) into account …

spread and noise. A random subset of the 208 stores participates in two-stage elimination tournaments. Tournaments differ in …