-2005. Innovation outcomes are measured by means of the number of patent applications per million inhabitants. Given the geographical … concentration and subsequent diffusion of innovation activity, and the spatial selectivity of immigrants' location choices, we take … of McDonald's restaurants as a novel instrument for immigration. The results confirm that innovation is clearly a …

data on 170 regions in Europe (NUTS 2 level) for the periods 1991-1995 and 2001-2005. Innovation outcomes are measured by … diffusion of innovation activity, and the spatial selectivity of immigrants' location choices, we take account of spatial …'s restaurants as a novel instrument for immigration. The results confirm that innovation is clearly a function of regio nal …