On 17 February 2003, London introduced a pioneering congestion-charging scheme. The impact on traffic was sudden and dramatic. For example, car movements within the congestion-charging zone (21 km2) were reduced by about 30%. However, the impact on other activities, such as retail business...

This paper presents an analysis of shopping trips into London's central shopping district (Oxford Street area) before and after the introduction of the congestion charging scheme in February 2003. In collaboration with a major department store, three surveys have been conducted in order to...