Policy variables, such as security levels at seaports, affect port efficiency in a non-linear way while other factors affecting efficiency at ports such as a number of berths, the area of port yard, and the number of port labors have linear structural relation. Ensuring a certain level of...

Terrorist attacks in the past decade had raised concern that terrorists capable of the suicide hijackings of airplanes could readily adapt such capabilities to maritime targets like ports. Although a large number of port security control measures have been proposed which have greatly enhanced...