The discrete network design problem deals with the selection of link additions to an existing road network, with given demand from each origin to each destination. The objective is to make an optimal investment decision in order to minimize the total travel cost in the network, while accounting...

Passengers may make several transfers between different lines to reach their destinations in urban railway transit networks. Coordination of last trains in feeding lines and connecting lines at transfer stations is especially important because it is the last chance for many travellers to...