While most innovation collaboration projects consist of partners who are located at close proximity, recent literature … has explored the development of innovation collaboration in the context of non-spatial proximity. Using a longitudinal … worked together to develop an inter-regional innovation system. The results from the study identified three non-spatial forms …

from the private sector. In this article, we have explored the case of Russia and overviewed the effects of ‘innovation …, in some cases, the policy of ‘innovation by coercion’ can have positive outcomes for it forces academia and industry to …