We examine how operational changes in customer flows in retail stores affect the rate of COVID-19 transmission. We combine a model of customer movement with two models of disease transmission: direct exposure when two customers are in close proximity and wake exposure when one customer is in the...

We study the offering of discretionary services, those for which longer processing times yield higher quality, but also create more system congestion. Facing delay-sensitive customers that are heterogeneous in quality sensitivity, firms offer a service line (i.e., a menu of service variants...

We study the impact of observational learning in large scale congested service systems with servers having heterogenous quality levels and customers that are heterogonously informed about the server quality. Providing congestion information to all customers allows them to avoid congested...