This study measures the local impact using various detailed databases which allow more accurate measurement of, for example, the amount the University spends in the local economy rather than elsewhere. In order to assess the total (i.e. direct, indirect and induced) effects of direct University...

Redlining occurs when institutions decline to make mortgage loans in specific areas. The practice originated in the 1930s, when federal agencies encouraged lenders to rate neighbourhoods for mortgage risk. Since the 1960s, especially in the US, it has been associated with disinvestment, racial...