This article examines how changes in US metropolitan spatial structure lead to an increase in measurable excess commuting and a decrease in measurable transport—land use connections. Using Boston and Atlanta as two comparative regions, this research computes excess commuting with...

This research aims to inform the compact city discussion with a case study of Beijing, where urban planning has emphasised clustered suburban development in the past half-century. It uses three decades of census data to describe Beijing’s spatial development trajectory and a household survey...