Recent contributions on offshoring often assume that firms can freely split their production process into separate … technologically determined sequence of production steps. In our model, cost savings from offshoring fluctuate along the production … from offshoring even if relocating individual steps would be advantageous in terms of offshoring costs, or they may …

), the 'quality' of such integration in terms of technological capabilities and the structure of employment in European … countries and sectors. We study employment shares in fabrication and headquarter occupations in terms of functional … specialisation and employment upgrading, making two specific contributions. First, we explicitly account for pre-existing asymmetries …

shipyard workers and miners. They have higher employment, not higher unemployment, and higher earnings than the comparison …

employment status affects both the level and the persistence of unemployment and numerically that these effects are substantial …