employment (geringfügige Beschäftigung) in West Germany. After discussing problems of identifying marginal employment spells, we … document that marginal employment spell vary considerably in the German labor market. Spell duration in our data ranges from … that the duration of marginal employment spells is influenced by institutional factors that favor the employment of …

years later using data from France, (western) Germany, and the United States. Relative to most of the literature, we … across countries. Labor market outcomes in Germany are consistent with a dual labor market model. In the case of American …