- better cushions the poverty effects of income shocks in a developing economy. We compare the effectiveness of the three … benefit schemes on poverty first conceptually and then by considering two different crisis scenarios, the COVID-19 pandemic … the proxy-means-tested benefits are the most effective in reducing the poverty gap index, a simple categorical benefit is …

safety nets reduces poverty, but financing them can increase the tax burden, potentially reducing availability of formal …

such programmes on incomes and poverty during crises, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where they are …