democratization. This study first explores the ways in which foreign donors directly strengthen civil society, parties, the media, as …

institutions, and accountability in relation to tolerance of participation by the media and civil society in the political process … time when economic growth and new foreign partners may strengthen the executive office vis-à-vis civil society, opposition …

reoriented their assistance in order to target specific issues like the strengthening of civil society, accountability and the …

Costa Rica and Nicaragua, earnings are highest for formal work, next for upper-tier informal, and last for lower … Rica than in Nicaragua, partly due to the larger proportion of formal workers within Costa Rica (58 per cent vs 19 per cent …

(2012) to test for the voluntary and involuntary nature of informal work in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, without making ad hoc … assumptions about labour market segmentation and self-selection. We find evidence of heterogeneous informality in both Nicaragua … where most workers are involuntarily informal. In Nicaragua, our results suggest that 44 per cent of wage employees are …