We study the impact of electoral gender quotas in post-war Burundi and Rwanda on women's political representation … ordinary women, before, during, and after the introduction of gender quotas. We find that, both in Rwanda and Burundi …

re-ignite violence. We study who perceives gains and losses in political representation in Rwanda and Burundi and why. We … represented than Tutsi in Burundi. We find that the gap in perceived political representation narrows over time in Rwanda as Hutu … 'input legitimacy' maximize policies aiming for 'output legitimacy'. In Burundi, the gap is widening, suggesting that the …

Rwanda and Burundi have both emerged from civil wars over the past 20 years and foreign donors have provided … significant contributions to post-conflict reconstruction and development in the two countries. Yet although Rwanda and Burundi … different. The paper argues that the nature of the ruling parties in Rwanda and Burundi is key to understanding the countries …

polarization: a relative increase in higher level and in lower level jobs. This paper is concerned with examining the extent to … which labour market polarization has taken place in South Africa over the period 1993-2017. A decomposition method is used … well as an economic growth effect. The polarization we find is mild. This may be because technology in South Africa lags …

previously carried out by workers. This can lead to labour market polarization, with jobs in the middle of the wage …

Does secessionism lead to social polarization? Despite much research on independence movements, their relationship to … polarization, a key mechanism theorized as increasing the chances of violent conflict, remains less understood. We argue that …. However, polarization does not necessarily lead to violence. We explore the case of Catalonia, a region that experienced a …

relation with earnings and polarization, and inequality. We show some evidence of polarization in earnings but not with respect …

This paper presents the first global and regional estimates of polarization and bipolarization spanning the period 1960 … polarization estimates. The study introduces a battery of sensitivity tests to assess the reliability of polarization estimates … polarization levels and trends. Overall, we find that relative bipolarization has consistently decreased since 1980, while in …

Population Prospects to develop the most comprehensive database of lifespan inequality and polarization for 258 countries and …