in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

a positive effect on LDCs' performance on merchandise exports, with this average positive effect being solely driven by … a positive effect on LDCs' export performance on primary products; the average effect on manufacturing exports has been …, as well as on the components of the latter, namely both primary product exports and manufacturing exports. However, the …

increased imports from China and manufacturing jobs in US local labour markets following the seminal paper of Autor, Dorn, and … data. In particular, it allows us to remove US value added in Chinese exports from the exposure measure which is … permits to correct for double counting, to remove primary and services inputs in manufacturing exports, and to assign …

-active GVC up-grading strategies, such as investments in ICT and R&D tend to foster a higher foreign content in exports … exporting higher share of domestic content, except in services exports; but in this case, export volumes remain marginal. …

new dataset on imports by preferential regime that has so far not been publicly available. For the EU and US, we make use … exports, suggesting that using preferences can be costly. However, we also find that utilization rates are often very high …