the link between production-related subsidies and exports. We document that only a small fraction of enterprises is … subsidized, and that exports and subsidies are positively related. Using a matching approach to investigate the causal effect of … subsidies on export activities we find no impact of subsidies on the probability to start exporting, and only weak evidence for …

(measured by the share of engineers and scientists in the workforce) and exports of German business services firms based on a …&D activities are positively linked with exports, and that this link is present when observed firm characteristics (including firm …-selection of innovative services firms on export markets. We have to admit, however, that the panel is too short, and that the …

engineers and natural scientists in all employees) on the share of exports in total sales. We find evidence for a positive and … line, then, is that R&D activity does matter for success of German business services firms on export markets - but not much. …

A wide range of empirical studies has analysed the relationship between exports and productivity in the manufacturing … provides first evidence about export and productivity in the German business services sector. The database used is the German … business services enterprises self-select into export markets. However, no evidence is found concerning the hypotheses that …

workforce sheds new light on the role of highly qualified employees for success on export markets that is not revealed by the …